COH 315 COH315 Final Exam Part 1 Answers (National University)

COH 315 Final Exam Part 1 (National University)

1. Identify the type of study design for the following description of study
   
   The entire population of a given community is examined, and all who are judged free of colon cancer are questioned extensively about their diets. These people are then followed for several years to see whether their eating habits will predict their risk of developing colon cancer
2. Identify the type of study design for the following description of study
    
   Fifteen hundred adult men who worked for Lockheed Aircraft were initially examined in 1951 and were classified by diagnosis criteria for coronary artery disease. Every three years they have been examined for new cases of the disease; attack rates in different subgroups have been computed annually
3. Which of the following questions is addressed with attributable risk?
4. If the risk due to two risk factors is more than the risk expected from their individual effects there is . . .
5. He is considered the father of epidemiology
6. A true phenomenon that is identified in a study and describes the nature of the relationship among several factors and the risk of disease is called . . 
7. If the proportionate mortality rate from heart disease in a nation is 55%, this means that . . 
8. Any systematic error in study design, conduct or analysis that results in a mistaken estimate of an exposure's effect on the risk of disease is called . . .
9. If the CDC staff comes to a hospital to examine patients, they are doing ...
10. In cohort studies of the role of a suspected factor in the etiology of a disease, it is essential that
11. Retroprospective cohort studies are characterized by all of the following EXCEPT:
12. Which of the following is TRUE?
13. Identify the type of study design for the following description of study
     
    The physical examination records of the incoming first-year class of 1935 at the University of Minnesota are examined in 1980 to see whether the freshmen’s recorded height and weight at the time of admission to the university were related to their chance of developing coronary heart disease by 1981
14. At the conclusion of a cohort study that established an association between smoking and lung cancer, the researchers might conclude that . . .
15. Another word for cause of disease is ...
16. Relative risk is . . 
17. Which of the following is NOT a true phenomenon discovered by a research study?
18. Random means . . .
19. Primary, Secondary and Tertiary Prevention
     Identify an example of each level of prevention for each given health issue.
20. For each of the following epidemiological measures, indicate whether it is a rate, a proportion or that it is neither a rate nor a proportion
21. Which of the following is NOT an advantage of a prospective cohort study?
22. If there is spousal concordance with a disease it is probably due to . . .
23. An association due to confounding is . . .
24. A case-control study is characterized by all of the following EXCEPT:
25. The odds ratio is an estimate of . . 
26. Identify the type of study design for the following description of study
     
    To test the efficacy of Vitamin C in preventing colds, army recruits are randomly assigned to two groups: one group given 500 mg of vitamin C daily , and one given a placebo. Both groups are followed to determine the number and severity of subsequent colds
27. Which of the following is true if the relative risk is equal to 1?
28. Which of the following is TRUE of cohort studies?
29. Which of the following is TRUE?
30. Which of the following is TRUE?
31. Prevalence of a disease over a 5-year period is called ..
32. Which of the following is TRUE?
33. Which of the following is NOT an term used for a cohort study?
34. Which of the Following is NOT a type of mortality rate?
35. All proportions are ratios, but not all ratios are proportions.
36. Identify the type of study design for the following description of study
     
    A Random sample of middle-aged sedentary women was selected from four census tracts, and each subject was examined for evidence of osteoporosis. Those found to have the disease were excluded. All others were randomly assigned to either an exercise group, which followed a 2-year program of systematic exercise, or a control group, which had no exercise program. Both groups were observes semiannually for incidence of osteoporosis
37. If multiple factors are required to cause a disease, each factor is . . .
38. If a factor by itself does not cause the disease and the disease can develop without the factor, it is . . .
39. The specificity of a screening test is calculated . . .
40. Identify the type of study design for the following description of study
     
    Smoking histories are obtained from all patients entering a hospital who have lip cancer and are compared with smoking histories of patients with cold sores who enter the same hospital.
41. In Cowan's study of breast cancer found . . .
42. Identify the type of study design for the following description of study
     
    Questionnaires were mailed to every 10th person listed in the city telephone directory. Each person was asked to provide his or her age, sex, and smoking habits and to describe the presence of any respiratory symptoms during the preceding 7 days
43. At the conclusion of a case-control study that established an association between smoking and lung cancer, the researchers can conclude . . .
44. Incidence rates of a disease are often referred to as direct measures of risk. Can incidence rates be calculated from case-control studies? Briefly explain in 1-2 sentences why they can or can not be calculated